GS Paper III: Sci-Tech.
Question 1 : Discuss some achievements of ISRO as a pioneer in space technology. (250 Words)
Question 2 : ISRO has many achievements to show in space technology but to increase the space in global space industry, there is urgent need to bring bill for regulating space activities. Comment. (250 Words)
INTRODUCTION :
From a modest beginning in the 1960s, India’s space programme has grown steadily, achieving significant milestones.
These include fabrication of satellites, space-launch vehicles, and a range of associated capabilities.
ISRO’s Thrust Areas:
- Since its establishment in 1969, ISRO has been guided by a set of mission and vision statements covering both the societal objectives and the thrust areas.
Communication Satellites:
- The first thrust area was of satellite communication, with INSAT and GSAT as the backbones, to address the national needs for telecommunication, broadcasting and broadband infrastructure.
- Gradually, bigger satellites have been built carrying a larger array of transponders.
- Today Indian satellites provide services linked to areas like telecommunication, telemedicine, television, broadband, radio, disaster management and search and rescue services.
Earth Observation Satellites:
- A second area of focus was earth observation and using space-based imagery for a slew of national demands.
- Beginning with the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series in the 1980s, today the RISAT, Cartosat and Resourcesat series provide wide-field and multi-spectral high resolution data for land, ocean and atmospheric observations.
- These range from weather forecasting, disaster management and national resource mapping and planning.
- These resources cover agriculture and watershed, land resource, and forestry managements.
- With higher resolution and precise positioning, Geographical Information Systems’ (GIS) applications today cover all aspects of rural and urban development and planning.
Satellite-aided navigation:
- GAGAN:
- The GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) is a joint project between ISRO and Airports Authority of India.
- It augmented the GPS coverage of the region, improving the accuracy and integrity, primarily for civil aviation applications and better air traffic management over Indian airspace.
- NavIC:
- The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is a system based on seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits.
- It provides accurate positioning service, covering a region extending to 1,500 km beyond Indian borders, with an accuracy greater than 20 metres; higher accuracy positioning is available to the security agencies for their use.
- In 2016, the system was renamed NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation).
Space science and exploration missions:
- The most notable projects of ISRO have been the Chandrayaan and the Mangalyaan missions, with a manned space mission, Gaganyaan, planned for its first test flight in 2021.
- These missions are not just for technology demonstration but also for expanding the frontiers of knowledge in space sciences.
ISRO’s launch-vehicle technology:
- None of ISRO’s missions would have been possible without mastering the launch-vehicle technology.
- The beginning was with the Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) and the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV).
- PSLV: ISRO has developed and refined the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) as its workhorse for placing satellites in low earth and sun synchronous orbits. With 46 successful missions, the PSLV has an enviable record.
- GSLV: The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) programme is still developing with its MkIII variant. It has so far undertaken three successful missions, and is capable of carrying a 3.5 MT payload into a geostationary orbit.
Small satellite revolution:
- Globally, 17,000 small satellites are expected to be launched between now and 2030.
- ISRO is developing a small satellite launch vehicle (SSLV) expected to be ready in 2019.
Private investment needed ahead:
- Today, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)’s annual budget has crossed Rs 10,000 crore, growing steadily from Rs 6,000 crore five years ago.
- However, demand for space-based services in India is far greater than what ISRO can supply.
- Private sector investment is critical, for which a suitable policy environment needs to be created.
Need for a law to enable growth in space sector:
- There is growing realisation that national legislation is needed to ensure overall growth of the space sector.
- The draft Space Activities Bill introduced in 2017 has lapsed.
- The government now has an opportunity to give priority to a new Bill that can be welcomed by the private sector, both the larger players and the start-ups alike.
Global space industry is growing large but ISRO’s share remains small:
- Today, the value of the global space industry is estimated to be $350 billion and is likely to exceed $550 billion by 2025.
- Despite ISRO’s impressive capabilities, India’s share is estimated at $7 billion (just 2% of the global market) covering broadband and DTH television (accounting for two-thirds of the share), satellite imagery and navigation.
- Already, over a third of transponders used for Indian services are leased from foreign satellites and this proportion will rise as the demand grows.
ISRO’s partnership with industry is limited:
Over the years, ISRO built a strong association with the industry, particularly with PSUs (like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bharat Electronics Limited) and large private sector entities like (L&T, Godrej and Walchandnagar Industries).
However, most of the private sector players are Tier-2/Tier-3 vendors, providing components and services.
ISRO set up Antrix, a private limited company, in 1992 as its commercial arm to market its products and services and interface with the private sector in transfer of technology partnerships.
New Space entrepreneurship:
- Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data analytics has led to the emergence of ‘New Space’.
- The New Space start-ups recognize a synergy with government’s flagship programmes like Digital India, Start-Up India, Skill India and schemes like Smart Cities Mission.
- They see a role as a data-app builder between the data seller (ISRO/Antrix) and the end user.
Regulatory legislation is required:
- But the New Space entrepreneurship is yet to take off in the absence of regulatory clarity.
- Clear rules and regulations are essential.
- ISRO can learn from its 1997 SatCom policy which neither attracted any FDI in the sector nor a single licensee.
- A similar situation exists with the Remote Sensing Data Policy of 2001, amended in 2011, which too has failed to attract a single application.
- The 2017 draft Bill raised more questions because it sought to retain the dominant role of ISRO/Antrix as operator, licensor, rule-maker and service provider.
Conclusion:
- With the Ministry of Defence now setting up a Defence Space Agency and a Defence Space Research Organisation, ISRO should actively embrace an exclusively civilian identity.
- A new Space law for India should aim at facilitating growing India’s share of global space economy to 10% within a decade.
- It requires a new kind of partnership between ISRO, the established private sector and the New Space entrepreneurs.
